La regulación emocional como mediador en la relación entre esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y dependencia emocional en jóvenes españoles / Emotional regulation as a mediator in the relationship between early dysfunctional schemas and emotional dependence in young Spanish people

Diversos estudios demuestran que la dependencia emocional es un problema relevante por sus consecuencias en todos los ámbitos de la vida. Los esquemas cognitivos tempranos y las dificultades en la regulación emocional son unos de los factores implicados en su etiología. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre estas variables, hipotetizando que las dificultades en la regulación emocional median la relación entre los esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y la dependencia emocional. Participaron 711 españoles jóvenes, de entre 18 y 30 años, con una edad media de 21,32 años (DT= 2,94). Los resultados mostraron una correlación positiva entre las tres variables y que las dificultades en la regulación emocional mediaban la relación entre los esquemas disfuncionales tempranos y la dependencia emocional en el caso del Abandono, la Dependencia, la Subyugación, la Inhibición emocional, el Autocontrol insuficiente, la Defectuosidad y el Autosacrificio. Este estudio muestra cómo se pueden relacionar estas variables y proporciona información útil para ayudar a las personas con dependencia emocional.(AU)

Several studies show that emotional dependence is a relevant problembecause of its consequences in all areas of life. Early cognitive schemas anddifficulties in emotional regulation are some of the factors involved in itsaetiology. The aims of the present study were to analyse the relationship betweenthese variables, hypothesising that difficulties in emotional regulation mediate therelationship between early dysfunctional schemas and emotional dependence.The sample consisted of 711 young Spanish participants aged between 18-30years, with an average age of 21.32 years (SD= 2.94). The results showed apositive correlation between the three variables and that difficulties in emotionalregulation mediated the relationship between early dysfunctional schemas and emotional dependence in the case of Abandonment, Dependence, Subjugation,Emotional inhibition, Insufficient self-control, Defectiveness and Self-sacrifice. Thisstudy gives us a clearer picture of how these variables are related and providesinformation that could be of great use in assisting people with emotionaldependence.(AU)

Emotional regulation and body dissatisfaction: the mediating role of anger in young adult women.

Introduction: Emotion regulation difficulties have an important role in the presence of negative self-image. These problems in the self-regulation of emotion could lead to negative emotional processes (such as anger) that can lead to body dissatisfaction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine emotion regulation difficulties than can negatively impact self-image and to understand if anger acts as mediator in the relationship between emotion regulation and body dissatisfaction. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out comprising 565 young adult women aged 18-30 years. The participants were administered the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory 2 (STAXI-2), and the Body Dissatisfaction dimension of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2). The proposed hypotheses were tested by path analysis in MPlus 8.0. Results: The results indicated that anger had a positive significant effect on body dissatisfaction as well as the non-acceptance of emotional responses, the lack of emotional awareness, and the lack of emotional clarity. Of all the dimensions of emotional regulation difficulties, impulse control difficulty was the dimension which had a positive significant indirect effect on body dissatisfaction explained by increased anger. Discussion: The present study suggests the importance of emotion regulation in the prevention of body dissatisfaction. Impulse control difficulty may be the key emotion regulation emotion in explaining the increments of anger that lead to body dissatisfaction. Among young adults, the promotion of positive body image can be promoted by helping this population to self-regulate their anger impulses.

Buying-shopping disorder, impulsivity, emotional dependence and attachment in adolescents.

In recent years, several studies have shown that the incidence of buying-shopping disorder (BSD) is increasing. Impulsivity is one of the factors involved in its aetiology and is related to emotional dependence. In addition, early affective deprivation may trigger emotional dependence. The aims of the present study weresal: to compare the types of attachment, levels of emotional dependence, impulsivity and BSD according to sex; to determine whether the proposed relational model is fulfilled; and analyse possible differences in this model in terms of the sample's sex. The sample consisted of 1498 adolescents (53.8% men and 46.2% women) from Ecuador whose age ranged from 14 to 18 years (M = 15.77, SD = 1.21). The results showed that a preoccupied attachment style is indirectly related to a higher risk of BSD due to emotional dependence when impulsivity levels are medium or high because emotional dependence is moderated by impulsivity. The study variables are related in the same way in men and women but boys show higher levels of preoccupied attachment, impulsivity, emotional dependence and BSD. This study gives us a clearer picture of how these variables are related and provides information that could be of great use in assisting people with BSD. This knowledge could be applied to improve both the treatment and prevention of this problem.

Eating Disorders and Intimate Partner Violence: The Influence of Fear of Loneliness and Social Withdrawal.

Eating disorders are vulnerability factors that increase the likelihood of intimate partner violence. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear. Although eating disorders have been associated with increased perception and fear of loneliness, they have also been associated with increased social withdrawal resulting from decreased enjoyment of social situations and poorer social functioning. The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating role of fear of loneliness in the relationship between the behavioural characteristics of eating disorders and intimate partner violence, as well as to explore the moderating role of social withdrawal in the relationship between fear of loneliness and intimate partner violence. The sample comprised 683 participants (78% female and 22% male) with a mean age of 21.14 years (SD = 2.72). The psychometric scales used were Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI 2), Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (EDQ), Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) and the Violence Received, Exercised and Perceived in Youth and Adolescent Dating Relationships Scale (VREPS). The hypothesised model was tested by path analysis using maximum likelihood. The path analysis of the hypothesised model showed that inefficacy, fear of maturity, and impulsivity were the behavioural characteristics of eating disorders predominantly related to fear of loneliness. Fear of loneliness had no direct significant effect on any of the received violence variables. However, interaction effects indicated that there was a moderately significant effect of fear of loneliness on physical, psychological, and social violence received as a function of levels of social withdrawal. These findings show the need to take into account and work on fear of loneliness and social withdrawal among individuals with an eating disorder to decrease the likelihood of establishing violent intimate partner relationships. Improving interpersonal functioning and social support is key to recovery from eating disorders.

Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic: Effects of optimism and uncertainty on distress during the lockdown in Spain / Impacto psicológico de la pandemia de COVID-19: efectos del optimismo y la incertidumbre sobre el malestar emocional durante elconfinamiento en España

The objective of this study is to make a quick assessment of the psychological resources and emotional distress of the general population locked down during the COVID-19 pandemic (in Catalonia, Spain), and to observe their evolution over the course of two waves during lockdown: at two weeks and at one month (April 1th to 3th and April 17th to 19th). The longitudinal study collected data from 29,231 participants aged 18 or older through an online platform who answered questions which evaluated: optimism, uncertainty, perceived competence, self-efficacy, emotional distress, current job situation, sadness and anger in conjunction with sociodemographic variables. The main results indicated that general beliefs about the future, uncertainty, and optimism, together with beliefs about one’s own conduct, such as perceived competence when facing the situation or self-efficacy to maintain routines, could predict the emotional distress experienced by an individual. A clear gender pattern was found. Between the two waves, optimism, perceived competence to manage the situation and self-efficacy to maintain routines decrease, uncertainty grows, and emotional distress remains. Taking these results into account we can prevent possible emotional scars and offer coping strategies to overcome the pandemic and the future situations of confinement in a more efficient way.

El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una valoración rápida de los recursos psicológicos y y el malestar emocional de la población general durante el encierro por la pandemia de COVID-19 (en Cataluña, España), y observar su evolución a lo largo de dos oleadas durante el confinamiento: a las dos semanas y al mes (del 1 al 3 de abril y del 17 al 19 de abril). El estudio longitudinal recopiló datos de 29.231 participantes de 18 años o más a través de una plataforma en línea que respondieron preguntas que evaluaban: optimismo, incertidumbre, competencia percibida, autoeficacia, malestar emoción, situación laboral actual, tristeza e ira y variables sociodemográficas. Los principales resultados indicaron que las creencias generales sobre el futuro, la incertidumbre y el optimismo, junto con las creencias sobre la propia conducta, como la competencia percibida ante la situación o la autoeficacia para mantener las rutinas, pueden predecir el malestar emocional que experimenta un individuo. Se encontró un patrón de género claro. Entre las dos olas, el optimismo, la competencia percibida para manejar la situación y la autoeficacia para mantener las rutinas disminuyen, creciendo la incertidumbre y persistiendo el malestar emocional. Teniendo en cuenta estos resultados podemos prevenir posibles secuelas emocionales y ofrecer estrategias de afrontamiento para superar la pandemia y las futuras situaciones de confinamiento de una forma más eficiente.

Role of attachment and early maladaptive schemas in the impulsive behaviour of adolescents / El papel del apego y de los esquemas inadaptados tempranos en la conducta impulsiva de los adolescentes

Abstract Introduction/objective: Few studies address the relationship between attachment and impulsiveness in adolescence. Therefore, the objectives of this study have been to study the relationship between attachment, early maladaptive schemas, and impulsiveness, as well as to verify the predictive role of the first two on impulsiveness. Lastly, the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between attachment and impulsiveness is studied. Method: The sample is 1533 adolescents from Ecuador (826 men and 707 women), between 14 and 18 years of age (M = 15.76, SD = 1.25). The following questionnaires were used to measure the study variables: CaMir-R, YSQ-S3, BIS 11. Results: The results reflect how safety, the value of parental authority, parental permissiveness, self-sufficiency and resentment against parents, childhood trauma and the negative/pessimistic schema predict impulsive behaviour. The mediating role of early maladaptive schemas is also confirmed. Conclusions: Knowledge of the role of early maladaptive schemas and attachment styles as risk or vulnerability factors involved in the establishment of impulsive behaviour is very useful in order to implement preventive strategies and an appropriate therapeutic approach.

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: Son escasos los estudios que abordan la relación entre el apego y la impulsividad en la adolescencia. Por ello, los objetivos del estudio han sido estudiar la relación entre el apego, las estructuras inadaptadas tempranas y la impulsividad, así como comprobar el papel predictivo de los dos primeros sobre la impulsividad. Por último, se estudia el papel mediador de los esquemas inadaptados tempranos en la relación entre el apego y la impulsividad. Método: La muestra es de 1533 adolescentes de Ecuador (826 hombres y 707 mujeres), con edades entre los 14 y 18 años (M = 15.76, DT = 1.25). Se emplearon los siguientes cuestionarios para medir las variables de estudio: CaMir-R, YSQ-S3, BIS 11. Resultados: Los resultados reflejan como la seguridad, el valor a la autoridad parental, la permisividad parental, la autosuficiencia y rencor contra los padres, el traumatismo infantil y el esquema negatividad/pesimismo predicen la conducta impulsiva. Asimismo, se confirma el papel mediador de los esquemas inadaptados tempranos. Conclusiones: El conocimiento del papel que cumplen los esquemas inadaptados tempranos y los estilos de apego como factores de riesgo o vulnerabilidad implicados en el establecimiento de la conducta impulsiva resulta de gran utilidad de cara a implementar estrategias preventivas y un enfoque terapéutico adecuado.

Exercise Addiction and Muscle Dysmorphia: The Role of Emotional Dependence and Attachment.

Background: Both exercise addiction (EA) and muscle dysmorphia (MD) primarily involve the compulsive practice of physical exercise and are classified as behavioral addictions in different lines of research. These types of addictions are frequently comorbid with other addictive pathologies, such as emotional dependence (ED), which is closely related to childhood attachment. This study is presented to address the scarcity of research relating EA and MD with other behavioral addictions. The aims are to analyze the sex differences found in emotional dependence, attachment dimensions, EA and MD; to analyze the association between EA and MD and other behavioral addictions, such as emotional dependence and attachment dimensions; and to analyze the possible role that childhood attachment plays in mediating the interaction between emotional dependence and EA and MD. Method: The sample comprised 366 participants (54.6% women) aged 17-31 (M = 23.53; SD = 6.48). Results: There are sex differences, with men scoring higher in EA, MD, and ED. The positive relationship between EA and ED (values between 0.16 and 0.28), MD (presenting values between 0.42 and 0.70), and attachment styles based on preoccupation, interference, permissiveness, and value of parental authority (values between 0.11 and 0.14) is highlighted. On the other hand, MD was positively related to ED (values ranging from 0.24 to 0.36) and attachment styles based on the value of parental authority, self-sufficiency, and resentment toward parents (between 0.17 and 0.18), and negatively related to secure attachment (values between -0.13 and -0.18). Likewise, the predictive role of ED and attachment styles in EA and MD was tested. And it was observed how attachment styles mediated the relationship between EA and ED, as well as the relationship between MD and ED. Thus, it has been shown that people with EA and MD present attachment styles that may influence negatively the decision-making process when choosing inappropriate strategies to achieve adequate emotional regulation, even selecting inappropriate goals for physical exercise with negative consequences. Conclusions: The dissemination of the findings among mental health and sports science professionals is necessary to develop prevention and intervention strategies for people affected by EA and MD.

El consumo de sustancias y su relación con la dependencia emocional, el apego y la regulación emocional en adolescentes / Substance abuse and its relationship to emotional dependence, attachment and emotional regulation in adolescents

El consumo de sustancias entre los adolescentes supone un grave problema social que podría relacionarse con la dependencia emocional, estilos de apego y dificultades en la regulación emocional. De esta forma, los objetivos del presente estudio fueron analizar la relación y el papel predictivo de la dependencia emocional, apego y regulación emocional sobre el consumo de sustancias el último mes. Además, se analizaron las diferencias en función del género y edad en todas las variables del estudio. Igualmente, se comprobó el papel mediador de la regulación emocional y los estilos de apego en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y el consumo de sustancias. La muestra empleada estaba compuesta por 1.533 adolescentes escolarizados, 826 hombres y 707 mujeres con edades entre los 13 y los 22 años (M = 15.76, DT = 1.25). Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva entre el consumo de sustancias y la dependencia emocional. Del mismo modo, las personas consumidoras de sustancias manifestaron relaciones positivas con las dificultades de regulación emocional, así como, con los estilos de apego de permisividad parental, autosuficiencia y rencor contra los padres y traumatismo infantil y relaciones negativas con la seguridad, preocupación familiar, interferencia parental y valor a la autoridad parental

Substance use among adolescents is a serious social problem that may be related to emotional dependence, attachment styles and diffi-culties in emotional regulation. Thus, the objectives of this study were to analyse the relationship and predictive role of emotional dependence, at-tachment and emotional regulation on substance use in the last month. In addition, gender and age differences were analysed in all variables of the study. The mediating role of emotional regulation and attachment styles in the relationship between emotional dependence and substance use was al-so verified. The sample used was made up of 1.533 schooled adolescents, 826 men and 707 women with ages ranging from 13 to 22 years (M = 15.76, SD = 1.25). The results showed a positive relationship between sub-stance use and emotional dependence. Similarly, substance users showed positive relationships with the difficulties of emotional regulation, as well as, with the attachment styles of parental permissiveness, self-sufficiency and resentment against parents and child trauma, and negative relation-ships with secure attachment, family concern, parental interference and value to parental authority

Estilos de afrontamiento, esquemas disfuncionales y síntomas psicopatológicos relacionados con la dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora / Coping styles, dysfunctional schemes and psychopathological symptoms related to emotional dependence on the aggressor partner

Los estilos de afrontamiento, los esquemas disfuncionales y la sintomatología psicopatológica podrían resultar factores de vulnerabilidad que incrementan la probabilidad de que una persona desarrolle dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora. Delimitar los factores de riesgo es fundamental para su prevención y tratamiento. Consecuentemente, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivos principales analizar la relación entre los factores señalados, así como el papel mediador de los tres primeros en la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la violencia recibida. La muestra estuvo conformada por 657 mujeres procedentes de población clínica y general, con edades que oscilaron entre los 18 y 66 años (M= 23,38; DT= 8,24). Los resultados reflejaron la predominancia del empleo de estilos de afrontamiento inadecuados, tales como pensamiento desiderativo, aislamiento social y autocrítica, síntomas psicopatológicos de depresión, ansiedad, sensibilidad interpersonal, obsesión compulsión e ideación paranoide, así como esquemas de abandono y subyugación. Asimismo, estos factores explicaron una parte de la relación entre la dependencia emocional y la permanencia en relaciones violentas

Coping styles, dysfunctional schemes and psychopathological symptoms could be factors of vulnerability that increase the probability that a person develops emotional dependence on an aggressive partner. Delimiting the risk factors is fundamental for its prevention and treatment. Consequently, the main objectives of the present study were to analyze the relationship between the above-mentioned factors, as well as the mediating role of the first three in the relationship between emotional dependence and received violence. The sample was made up of 657 women from the clinical and general population, with ages ranging from 18 to 66 years of age (M= 23.38, SD= 8.24). The results reflected the predominance of inadequate coping styles, such as desiderative thinking, Estudio financiado anxiety, interpersonal sensibility, obsession-compulsion and paranoid ideation, as well as abandonment and subjugation schemes. These factors also explained part of the relationship between emotional dependence and staying in violent relationships

La dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora y su relación con los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Emotional dependence on the aggressive partner and its relationship to eating Disorders

Los trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) son frecuentes en las familias con dificultades para fomentar la autonomía de sus miembros, pudiendo resultar un factor de riesgo a la hora de establecer relaciones de pareja dependientes. La dependencia emocional y la violencia de pareja se dan conjuntamente con elevada frecuencia. El objetivo del estudio fue examinar la relación y el papel predictivo de los TCA en la dependencia emocional, violencia recibida y dependencia emocional hacia la pareja agresora. Participaron 712 personas, 545 mujeres y 167 hombres, de entre 18 y 30 años (M= 21,32; DT= 2,94). Se encontró que las personas que puntuaban alto en TCA eran un grupo de riesgo en el desarrollo de la dependencia emocional, permanencia en relaciones violentas y desarrollo de ambas conjuntamente en una misma relación de pareja. En cuanto a las características asociadas con los TCA, la impulsividad se asoció con la violencia recibida y el miedo a la madurez, ineficacia, perfeccionismo, ascetismo e impulsividad se asociaron con la dependencia emocional en general y hacia la pareja agresora

Eating disorders are common in families with difficulties in promoting the autonomy of their members and may be a risk factor when establishing dependent relationships. Emotional dependence and partner violence occur together with a high frequency. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship and predictive role of eating disorders in emotional dependence, violence received and emotional dependence on the aggressor partner. The participants were 712 subjects, 545 women and 167 men, between 18 and 30 years of age (M= 21.32, SD= 2.94). It was found that individuals who scored high on eating disorders were a risk group in the development of emotional dependence, permanence in violent relationships, and the development of both together in the same relationship. As for the characteristics associated with eating disorders, impulsivity was associated with the violence received and fear of maturity, ineffectiveness, perfectionism, asceticism and impulsivity were associated with emotional dependence in general and owards the aggressor partner

¿Existen diferencias en los esquemas cognitivos y en la autoestima entre las personas con adicción al ejercicio físico o con dismorfia muscular? / Are there differences in cognitive patterns and self-esteem among people with exercise addiction or muscle dysmorphia?

Tanto la adicción al ejercicio físico, entendida como una adicción comportamental, como la dismorfia muscular, especificador del trastorno dismórfico corporal, tienen en común varios aspectos, como es la práctica intensiva de ejercicio físico y alteraciones en la autoestima. Además, algunas adicciones comportamentales se relacionan con determinados esquemas cognitivos tempranos desadaptados. Ante la escasez de estudios que relacionen los esquemas tempranos desadaptados con la adicción al ejercicio o la dismorfia muscular, y teniendo en cuenta la autoestima, se plantea la pregunta de si existen diferencias entre estas variables en personas con adicción al ejercicio o dismorfia muscular. Para ello se ha utilizado un grupo de 465 participantes (23.7% hombres, 75.7% mujeres y 0.6% transgénero), todos ellos practicaban deporte o en el gimnasio o fuera de él. Se han utilizado los siguientes instrumentos de evaluación: Cuestionario de Esquemas Cognitivos -Forma Abreviada -SQ-SF (Young y Brown., 1994), Drive for Muscularity Scale - DMS (McCreary, Sasse, Saucier y Dorsch, 2004), Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg (Rosenberg, 1965), Escala de Satisfacción Muscular - ESM (The Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale -MASS; Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer y Drab, 2002) e Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio - EAI (Terry, Szabo y Griffiths, 2004). En cuanto a los resultados, parece que tanto la adicción al ejercicio físico como la dismorfia muscular se relacionan con determinados esquemas tempranos desadaptados. Por otro lado, la autoestima se relaciona tanto con la adicción al ejercicio físico como con dismorfia muscular de forma significa-tiva y negativa. Finalmente, los resultados muestran cómo a mayor dismorfia muscular también es mayor el riesgo de adicción al ejercicio físico, y a medida que mayor es el riesgo de adicción menor es la satisfacción muscular. Estos resultados se discuten y se presentan las limitaciones del estudio

Both the addiction to physical exercise, understood as a behavioral addiction, and muscular dysmorphia, which specifies the dysmorphic bodily disorder, have several aspects in common, such as the intensive practice of physical exercise and alterations in self-esteem. They also seem to involve certain behaviors that are related to early cognitive maladaptive patterns. Given the paucity of studies that relate early maladaptive patterns with addiction to muscle exercise and muscle dysmorphia, and taking into account self-esteem, the question arises of whether there are differences between these variables in people with exercise addiction or muscle distortion. For this purpose, a group of 465 participants (23.7% men, 75.7% women and 0.6% transgender) were used, all of them practicing sports in or outside the gymnasium. The following evaluation instruments were used: Cognitive Scheme Questionnaire-Short Form -SQ-SF (Young and Brown, 1994), Drive for Muscularity Scale - DMS (McCreary, Sasse, Saucier y Dorsch, 2004), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965), Muscle Satisfaction Scale - ESM (Muscular Appearance Satisfaction Scale - MASA, Mayville, Williamson, White, Netemeyer and Drab, 2002) and Inventory of Exercise Addiction - EAI (Terry, Szabo and Griffiths, 2004). Regarding the results, it seems that both addiction to physical exercise and muscle breakdown are related to early maladaptive patterns. On the other hand, self-esteem is related to both the addiction to physical exercise and to muscular distension in a significant and negative way. It finally seems that the greater the muscle breakdown, the greater the risk of addiction to physical exercise, and the greater the risk of addiction, the less muscle satisfaction. These results are discussed and the limitations of the study are presented

Dependencia emocional en el noviazgo: papel mediador entre la autoestima y la violencia psicológica en jóvenes / Emotional dependence in courtship: the mediating role between self-esteem and psychological violence in young people

La dependencia emocional se define como la necesidad afectiva extrema que una persona siente hacia su pareja y que en ocasiones puede estar relacionada con la violencia. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre la autoestima, la dependencia emocional y la violencia psicológica recibida y ejercida, así como, estudiar el papel mediador de la dependencia emocional entre la autoestima y la violencia psicológica. Asimismo, se evaluarán las diferencias en dependencia emocional en función del género y la orientación sexual. La muestra está integrada por 550 jóvenes españoles (462 mujeres y 88 hombres; 498 heterosexuales y 52 homosexuales) con un rango de edad de entre 18 y 29 años (M = 21.16; DT = 2.41). Los resultados indican que no hay diferencias en dependencia emocional entre mujeres y hombres ni entre heterosexuales y homosexuales. Se ha hallado que la dependencia emocional media totalmente la relación ente la autoestima y la violencia psicológica-humillación recibida y ejercida y la violencia psicológica-control recibida y ejercida, y media parcialmente la relación entre la autoestima y la violencia psicológica-social ejercida. Estos resultados podrían resultar de interés para incluir la dependencia emocional en el trabajo con violencia psicológica en la pareja

Emotional dependence is defined as an excessive need for affection by the couple. The aim of this study was to analyze the relation between self-esteem, emotional dependence and psychological abuse, to analyze the mediating role of emotional dependence between self-esteem and psychological abuse, as well as differences in emotional dependence as a function of gender and sexual orientation. The sample comprised 550 young Spanish participants (462 women and 88 men; 498 heterosexual and 52 homosexual) aged between 18 and 29 years old (M = 21.16, SD = 2.41). Results showed no difference in emotional dependence between women and men, and heterosexuals and homosexuals. Emotional dependence was found to totally mediate the relationship between self-esteem and received psychological abuse (humiliation and control), between self-esteem and exercised psychological abuse (humiliation and control), and to partially mediate the relationship between self-esteem and exercised psychological abuse (social isolation). These results may provide new keys to the incorporation of emotional dependence in psychological abuse prevention programs

La dependencia emocional y la resolución de conflictos en heterosexuales, homosexuales y bisexuales / Emotional dependence and conflict resolution in heterosexuals, homosexual and bisexuals

La dependencia emocional se define como una necesidad afectiva extrema que una persona siente hacia su pareja. Tradicionalmente, la dependencia emocional ha sido estudiada en parejas heterosexuales, si bien en parejas homosexuales y bisexuales es un campo aún desconocido. El propósito del presente estudio va dirigido a conocer las diferencias en la dependencia emocional y en los estilos de resolución de conflictos en jóvenes y adultos en función del género y de la orientación sexual. Asimismo, se analiza el papel predictivo de los estilos de resolución de conflictos sobre la dependencia emocional. La muestra está compuesta por 191 hombres (24.6%), 585 mujeres (75.4%) con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 61 años (M = 22.30; DT = 6.21). Respecto a la orientación sexual, 93 eran homosexuales (12%), 595 heterosexuales (76.7%) y 88 bisexuales (11.3%). Se han empleado los siguientes instrumentos de evaluación: Conflict Tactics Scales - CTS-2 (Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy y Sugarman, 1996) y el Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional - CDE (Lemos y Londoño, 2006). Los resultados obtenidos muestran una relación positiva entre la dependencia emocional y la violencia tanto ejercida como recibida en las relaciones de pareja. Asimismo, se ha observado cómo los hombres presentan mayor dependencia emocional. Finalmente, los datos sugieren que los homosexuales tienen mayor dependencia emocional en comparación con los heterosexuales y bisexuales, así como, los datos indican que los homosexuales y bisexuales obtienen mayores puntuaciones en la violencia ejercida y recibida que los heterosexuales. Estos resultados se discuten y se presentan las limitaciones del estudio

Emotional dependence is defined as an extreme affective need that a person feels towards their partner. Traditionally, emotional dependence has been studied in heterosexual couples, although in homosexual and bisexual couples it is still an unknown field. The purpose of this study is to learn the differences in emotional dependence and conflict resolution styles in youth and adults based on gender and sexual orientation. Likewise, the predictive role of conflict resolution styles on emotional dependence is analysed. The sample consists of 191 men (24.6%), 585 women (75.4%) aged between 17 and 61 years (M = 22.30, SD = 6.21). Regarding sexual orientation, 93 were homosexual (12%), 595 heterosexual (76.7%) and 88 bisexual (11.3%). The following assessment instruments have been used: Conflict Tactics Scales - CTS-2 (Straus, Hamby, Boney-McCoy and Sugarman, 1996) and the Emotional Dependency Questionnaire - CDE (Lemos and Londoño, 2006). The results show a positive relationship between emotional dependence and violence both exercised and received in relationships. Likewise, it has been observed that men have greater emotional dependence. Finally, the data suggests that homosexuals have greater emotional dependence compared to heterosexuals and bisexuals, as well as indicating that homosexuals and bisexuals obtain higher scores in violence exercised and received than heterosexuals. These results are discussed and the limitations of the study are presented

Dificultades en la regulación emocional, esquemas inadaptados tempranos, y dependencia emocional en la adicción al sexo o comportamiento sexual compulsivo en la adolescencia / Difficulties in emotional regulation, early maladaptive schemas, and emotional dependence on sexual addiction or compulsive sexual behaviour in adolescence

El objetivo de la presente investigación es estudiar las relaciones entre la adicción al sexo, las dificultades en su regulación emocional (DRE), los esquemas inadaptados tempranos (EIT) y la dependencia emocional (DE). Se lleva a cabo un estudio de diseño no experimental, correlacional de corte transversal, en una muestra de 1.519 adolescentes escolarizados, 54% hombres (n = 820) y 46% mujeres (n = 699), con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 18 años (M = 15.77, DT = 1.22). Los instrumentos de evaluación empleados han sido: MULTICAGE CAD 4 (Pedrero Pérez et al., 2007), Escala de dificultades en la regulación emocional -DRES (Gratz y Romer, 2004; adaptación española realizada por Gómez-Simón, Penelo y de la Osa, 2014), Cuestionario de esquemas, forma reducida, -SQ-SF (Young y Brown, 1994; adaptación española realizada por Cid y Torrubia, 2002) y la Escala de dependencia emocional en el noviazgo de jóvenes y adolescentes - DEN (Urbiola, Estévez e Iraurgi, 2014). Los resultados ponen de manifiesto las relaciones significativas entre DRE, EIT y DE. Se han encontrado diferencias entre hombres y mujeres. Los resultados de este estudio aportan evidencias sobre las relaciones existentes entre las dificultades en la regulación emocional, los esquemas inadaptados tempranos, la dependencia emocional y la inexistente, posible, muy probable o segura adicción al sexo. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados y se plantean retos para futuras investigaciones

The objective of this research is to study the relationships between addiction to sex, difficulties in its emotional regulation (DER), early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and emotional dependence (ED). A non-experimental design study is carried out with cross-sectional correlation in a sample of 1,519 adolescents at school, 54% boys (n = 820) and 46% girls (n = 699), aged between 14 and 18 years (M = 15.77, SD = 1.22). The evaluation instruments employed were MULTICAGE CAD 4 (Pedrero Pérez et al., 2007), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale -DERS (Gratz and Romer, 2004; Spanish adaptation by Gómez-Simón, Peneda and de la Osa, 2014), Schema Questionnaire Short Form -SQ-SF (Young and Brown, 1994; Spanish adaptation by Cid and Torrubia, 2002) and the Scale of emotional dependence in the courtship of the young and adolescents -DEN (Urbiola, Estévez and Iraurgi, 2014). The results reveal the significant relationships between DER, EMS and ED. Differences between men and women have been found. The results of this study provide evidence of the relationships between difficulties in emotional regulation, early maladaptive schemas, emotional dependence and non-existent, possible, highly probable or safe sex addiction. The implications of these results are discussed and challenges arise for further research

The role of emotional dependence in the relationship between attachment and impulsive behavior / El papel de la dependencia emocional en la relación entre el apego y la conducta impulsiva

The emotional dependence has been related with the problems in the impulse control and with the preoccupied attachment style. The objectives of this study are to analyze the relation between the emotional dependence, attachment and the impulsive behavior, as well as, to analyze if these final two can predict the emotional dependence. Furthermore, it analyze if the emotional dependence mediate in the relation between attachment and impulsivity and, finally, it studies the differences of gender in the three mentioned variables. The sample is formed by 1533 teenagers (707 women and 826 men), with ages between 14-18 years old (M = 15.76; DT = 1.25). The results showed of positives relations between the emotional dependence and the parental permission, childhood trauma and impulsive behavior. Moreover, the impulsivity is positively related with the fact to avoid to be alone, asymmetric relation, the need to please others, parental permission and childhood trauma. In the same way, it proves how the parental permission, self-sufficiency and resentment against parents and childhood trauma can predict the emotional dependence. Finally, it observes how the relation between the attachment and the impulsive behavior is mediated with the emotional dependency and it appreciates differences between the three variables in gender basis

La dependencia emocional se define como una necesidad afectiva extrema que una persona siente hacia su pareja. Se ha relacionado con el déficit de control de impulsos y con el estilo de apego preocupado. El presente estudio tiene como objetivos analizar la relación entre la dependencia emocional, el apego y la conducta impulsiva, así como, analizar si estas dos últimas predicen la dependencia emocional. Además, se analiza si la dependencia emocional media en la relación entre el apego y la impulsividad y, finalmente, se estudian las diferencias de género en las tres variables mencionadas. La muestra está formada por 1533 adolescentes (707 mujeres y 826 hombres), con edades que oscilan entre los 14-18 años (M = 15.76; DT = 1.25). Los resultados muestran relaciones positivas entre la dependencia emocional y la permisividad parental, traumatismo infantil e impulsividad. Asimismo, la impulsividad se relaciona de manera positiva con evitar estar solo, relación asimétrica, necesidad de agradar, permisividad parental y traumatismo infantil. Igualmente, se comprueba como la permisividad parental, autosuficiencia y rencor contra los padres y el traumatismo infantil predicen la dependencia emocional. Finalmente, se observa como la relación entre el apego y la conducta impulsiva es mediada por la dependencia emocional y se aprecian diferencias en las tres variables en función del género

Estudio de las relaciones entre adicciones comportamentales, impulsividad y consumo de sustancias en adolescentes: Validación del MULTICAGE CAD 4 y del DEN en Ecuador / Study of the relationships between behavioral addictions, impulsivity and substance use in adolescents: MULTICAGE CAD 4 and DEN validation in Ecuador

La adolescencia es una etapa del desarrollo compleja que en ocasiones puede estar marcada por un aumento de impulsividad donde se comienzan a establecer las primeras relaciones de pareja. Al mismo tiempo la impulsividad está estrechamente relacionada con el consumo de sustancias y conductas adictivas. Por ello el objetivo de la presente investigación ha sido observar la relación que existe entre la impulsividad, el consumo de sustancias, las conductas adictivas y la dependencia emocional en una muestra formada por 1533 adolescentes ecuatorianos, con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 18 años, y validar los instrumentos de evaluación la Escala de Dependencia Emocional en el Noviazgo de Jóvenes y Adolescentes (DEN; Urbiola, Estévez e Iraurgi, 2014) y el MULTICAGE CAD 4 (Pedrero Pérez et al., 2007). De entre los resultados se pueden encontrar buenas propiedades psicométricas para ambos instrumentos, habiendo resultado adecuados para evaluar dependencia emocional y adicciones en población adolescente ecuatoriana. Por otro lado, se han obtenido relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las variables estudiadas, y se discute la relación que guarda la impulsividad, el consumo de alcohol y el consumo de sustancias y la dependencia emocional

Adolescence is a stage of complex development can be marked by an increase in impulsiveness where they begin to establish the first relationships of couple. At the same time, impulsiveness is closely related to the consumption of substances and addictive behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this research has been to observe the relationship between impulsivity, substance use, addictive behaviors and emotional dependence in a sample of 1533 Ecuadorian adolescents, with ages between 14 and 18, and to validate the evaluation instruments Escala de Dependencia Emocional en el Noviazgo de Jóvenes y Adolescentes (DEN; Urbiola, Estévez and Iraurgi, 2014) and MULTICAGE CAD 4 (Pedrero Pérez et al., 2007). Among the results can be found good psychometric properties for both instruments, having adequate results to evaluate emotional dependence and addictions in adolescent Ecuadorian population. On the other hand, there have been statistically significant relationships between the variables studied, and discusses the relationship that keeps impulsiveness, alcohol consumption and substance use and emotional dependence

Dependencia emocional en jóvenes: relación con la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, autoestima y diferencias de género / Emotional dependency in youth: Relationship with anxious and depressive symptoms, self-esteem and gender differences

La dependencia emocional es un patrón de necesidades emocionales insatisfechas que se intentan cubrir desadaptativamente con otras personas, y que pueden favorecer el desarrollo de sintomatología psicológica disfuncional. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la dependencia emocional en jóvenes con y sin pareja, analizar las diferencias por género en dependencia emocional, y evaluar la relación de la dependencia emocional con la autoestima y la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva. Participaron 535 jóvenes de 18 a 31 años de centros de enseñanza superior universitaria. Los resultados han mostrado que la dependencia emocional se relaciona negativamente con la autoestima y positivamente con la sintomatología ansioso-depresiva, y sería predictora de las mismas. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en función del género o de tener o no pareja en dependencia emocional total, aunque los chicos obtuvieron puntuaciones mayores en «necesidad de agradar», los participantes con pareja en «necesidad de exclusividad» y los participantes sin pareja en «evitar estar solo». Estos resultados proporcionan información adicional sobre la dependencia emocional y sus consecuencias en jóvenes

Emotional dependency consists of a pattern of unsatisfied emotional needs that are maladaptively met with other people, which may lead to the onset of dysfunctional psychological symptoms. This study aims to analyse emotional dependency in young people with and without a romantic partner, gender differences in emotional dependency, as well as to assess the relationship between emotional dependency and self-esteem, anxiety and depression. Five-hundred and thirty-five university students aged 18 to 31 years participated in this study. Results showed that emotional dependency was negatively related to self-esteem and positively related to and predictive of anxious-depressive symptoms. No significant differences were found in total emotional dependency as a function of gender or of having a romantic relationship. Nevertheless, higher scores were found in males for 'Need to please', in participants with a partner for 'Need of exclusivity', and in participants without a partner for 'Avoiding being alone'. These results extend our knowledge about emotional dependency and its consequences in young people

Emotional dependency in dating relationships and psychological consequences of internet and mobile abuse / Dependencia emocional en el noviazgo y consecuencias psicológicas del abuso de internet y móvil en jóvenes

New technologies are increasingly present in our daily lives, what makes necessary the study of its possible consequences and development of addictive behaviours. In this sense, it must be said that adolescence is an especially vulnerable age for the appearance of risk behaviours such as addictions. This responds to the fact of being an excessively dependent development stage. The present study was carried out with a sample of 535 youth university students in order to analyze the emotional dependence in dating relationships and the psychological consequences of using Internet and mobile-phones (thus anxious and depressive symptoms and self-esteem), considering gender differences as well as the role that emotional dependence plays on this use and the predictive role of the use over the consequences mentioned before. The results showed gender differences in the abuse of mobile, depression, and self-esteem. Also, emotional dependency correlated with Internet and mobile abuse, and both constructs correlated with anxiety, depression and self-esteem. Finally, emotional dependency predicted Internet and mobile abuse, as well as anxious and depressive symptomatology and self-esteem, which also predicted mobile and Internet abuse. This study provides new keys to the understanding of the emotional dependency and Internet and mobile abuse, and the relationship they have amongst them and with other constructs

La creciente presencia de las nuevas tecnologías en nuestras vidas hace necesaria el estudio de sus posibles consecuencias y del desarrollo de conductas adictivas. En este sentido, la adolescencia es una edad especialmente vulnerable a la aparición de conductas de riesgo como las adicciones por tratarse de una etapa marcada por un exceso de dependencia. Por ello, con una muestra de 535 jóvenes universitarios, el presente estudio pretende analizar la dependencia emocional en el noviazgo y las consecuencias psicológicas en relación al uso de Internet y móvil (a nivel de sintomatología ansioso-depresiva y autoestima), considerando también las diferencias de género, así como el papel que juega la dependencia emocional en este uso y el papel predictor del uso sobre las mencionadas consecuencias. Los resultados muestran que habría diferencias de género en el abuso de móvil, depresión y autoestima. Además, la dependencia emocional correlacionaría con el abuso de Internet y móvil, y ambos constructos correlacionarían con ansiedad, depresión y autoestima. Finalmente. La dependencia emocional sería predictora del abuso de Internet y móvil, así como de la sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, y de la autoestima, que también serían predictores del abuso de móvil e Internet. Este estudio proporciona nuevas claves a la hora de comprender la dependencia emocional y el abuso de Internet y móvil, y de la relación que mantienen entre sí y con otros constructos

Major depressive disorder following terrorist attacks: a systematic review of prevalence, course and correlates.

BACKGROUND: Terrorist attacks are traumatic events that may result in a wide range of psychological disorders for people exposed. This review aimed to systematically assess the current evidence on major depressive disorder (MDD) after terrorist attacks. METHODS: A systematic review was performed. Studies included assessed the impact of human-made, intentional, terrorist attacks in direct victims and/or persons in general population and evaluated MDD based on diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: A total of 567 reports were identified, 11 of which were eligible for this review: 6 carried out with direct victims, 4 with persons in general population, and 1 with victims and general population. The reviewed literature suggests that the risk of MDD ranges between 20 and 30% in direct victims and between 4 and 10% in the general population in the first few months after terrorist attacks. Characteristics that tend to increase risk of MDD after a terrorist attack are female gender, having experienced more stressful situations before or after the attack, peritraumatic reactions during the attack, loss of psychosocial resources, and low social support. The course of MDD after terrorist attacks is less clear due to the scarcity of longitudinal studies. CONCLUSIONS: Methodological limitations in the literature of this field are considered and potentially important areas for future research such as the assessment of the course of MDD, the study of correlates of MDD or the comorbidity between MDD and other mental health problems are discussed.

Relaciones entre estrés, tabaco y trastorno de pánico / Relationships between stress, tobacco and panic disorder

Diversos estudios vienen mostrando, por un lado, una asociación entre elevados niveles de estrés y el inicio o aumento en el consumo de tabaco y, por otro lado, una relación causal directa entre el consumo prolongado de nicotina y el posterior desarrollo del trastorno de pánico. El objetivo de este trabajo de revisión sistemática consistió en analizar la literatura científica publicada acerca de la asociación del estrés y la ansiedad con el inicio y mantenimiento del consumo de tabaco en adolescentes y adultos, así como los efectos negativos que produce dicho consumo prolongado sobre la probabilidad de aparición de trastorno de pánico. Los resultados confirman que existe evidencia sobre la relación existente entre elevados niveles de estrés y el inicio o aumento en el consumo de tabaco, lo que a la larga multiplica (la evidencia en este sentido es más clara) el riesgo de sufrir trastorno de pánico. Se concluye que el consumo de tabaco constituye un grave riesgo para la salud mental, especialmente el trastorno de pánico; además, se argumenta la necesidad de abordar la prevención y el abandono del consumo con nuevos y mejores tratamientos especialmente diseñados para aquellas personas con altos niveles de estrés y ansiedad (AU)

Numerous studies have shown, on the one hand, the existing relationship between high levels of stress and the onset of or increase in tobacco use and, on the other hand, a direct causal relationship between long term nicotine use and the future onset of panic disorder. The aim of this systematic review was to analyse the scientific literature published on the relationship between stress and anxiety and the onset and maintenance of tobacco use in adolescent and adult populations, as well as the negative effects that prolonged smoking can have on the onset of panic disorder. There is evidence of a positive relationship between high levels of stress and the onset of or increase in tobacco use, which in turn multiplies (there is more evidence In this sense) the risk of developing panic disorder in the long term. As a conclusion, tobacco use constitutes a serious risk for mental health, especially in the case of panic disorder. Special importance is given to the development of new and better tobacco prevention and cessation treatments especially designed for those people suffering from high levels of stress and anxiety (AU)